v Over the past few decades, the automobile industry has undergone tremendous changes. Rising environmental concerns and shifting consumer demands have pushed manufacturers to invest heavily in more sustainable powertrain options. Two technologies in particular—hybrids and battery electric vehicles (BEVs)—are playing a key role in transition

Laser diodes are semiconductor sources of coherent monochromatic light that emits electromagnetic radiation when an electric current flows through it. They are used in a wide range of applications such as optical fiber communication systems, barcode readers, imaging systems, laser pointers, medical devices including laser eye surgery, laser printin

Graphene is an allotrope of carbon in the form of a one atom thick, two-dimensional sheet with hexagonal arrangements. It is the strongest and thinnest material known to exist. Graphene is lightweight, highly durable, nearly transparent and an excellent conductor of electricity and heat. It is versatile and can be applied in various applications su

The air conditioning system refers to appliances or equipment that modify the condition of air through cooling, heating, ventilation, humidification, and air cleaning. With rapid urbanization and global warming, demand for air conditioners has surged drastically over the past few decades to combat extreme heat and provide thermal comfort indoors. M

Solid waste generation is a phenomenon that is growing rapidly all over the world due to rapid urbanization and changing lifestyles. The average per capita waste generation has increased drastically in the past few decades. As per estimates, around 2 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste is generated worldwide every year. The largest waste genera